Canada is blessed with precious metals, nickel, copper, lead and zinc, industrial metals and minerals yet somewhat hampered by seasonal exploration and difficult glacial overburden of thick sand and gravel.
We have learned to explore despite the terrain and climate and our strength comes from the difficulty. It has not killed us, and has made us expert.
Historically we have always had secure title on Crown Land. This was buffered by the recycling of properties – explore land or lose it – a great practical policy. Explorers are required to file technical reports for the public record and previous work can be incorporated into new ideas by the next explorer.
Exploration always seemed to work best when detailed work programs with small budgets are applied to small properties. Canada also allows a smooth transition from exploration to exploitation which creates investment safety.
Canada also has good universities built around the British model but more pragmatic. Geology and engineering students work on real projects, with well-paid summer work in the field and we have attracted grad students to our research facilities from around the globe to University of Toronto, Queens, University of British Columbia, Concordia and all the rest.