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The alarming social unrest in emerging economies worldwide has a common thread: a sharp slowdown in once-torrid economic growth. The disturbances so graphically depicted in the media often appear to be ethnic or religious clashes or uprisings against autocracy. Those elements are playing a role. But the real driver of discontent in emerging economies is the failed promise of ever-increasing middle-class prosperity.

Most of the estimated 800 daily riots and public demonstrations in China result from factory layoffs. Striking miners in South Africa and street protests against the rule of Russia’s Vladimir Putin had become commonplace even before the recent weeks of rioting in São Paulo and Rio, and the military ouster this week of Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi in a Cairo stricken by blackouts, food shortages and rampant unemployment.

Hero status was once conferred by grateful new middle classes on Vladimir Putin; on Dilma Rousseff, successor to the immensely popular Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva; and on the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan. They all are now struggling to regain their political credibility only a year or so since winning electoral mandates.

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Unrest and slowdowns mark the end of a placid decade, writes Ruchir Sharma

Protests erupt in the formerly happy middle classes of Turkey and Brazil. A credit crisis threatens the Chinese economic juggernaut. Money flees the stocks, bonds and currencies of emerging nations. Is this the end of the emerging world miracle? Not exactly. This marks a return to the normal postwar cycle of recession and recovery, political unrest and calm, after a misleadingly placid decade.

This age is chaotic only in comparison to the brief “Goldilocks” era that began in 2003. Before that year, the emerging world’s share of global economic output had been stagnant for half a century and in decline for a decade, undermined by debt crises that struck from Thailand to Russia. By the late 1990s, these emerging nations were turning to a new generation of leaders, headed by the likes of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in Brazil and other giants, including Vladimir Putin in Russia and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey.

These leaders laid a stable economic foundation for the boom that began in 2003 after the US Federal Reserve and other central banks cut interest rates sharply to engineer a recovery from the technology bust. Much of the resulting easy money flowed into the emerging world, doubling the average annual gross domestic product growth rate to about 7.5 per cent from 3.6 per cent in the previous two decades.

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