Few parts of the world have been more ravaged by war and violence over the last two decades than the Democratic Republic of Congo. That’s been made possible, in part, by the mines in the eastern part of the country that offer up tin, tungsten and tantalum — the 3Ts, as they’re known — and gold. Over the years, many of the mines have been commandeered or controlled by armed militias and the profits used to fund the continued violence.
But recently, human rights groups have successfully pressured makers of consumer electronics and electronic parts, which rely on the 3Ts, to track the source of their minerals and refuse to buy from suppliers who buy from mines that help fund armed rebels. A provision in the Dodd-Frank Act, passed in 2010, requires publicly traded companies to disclose if they have products containing minerals from Congo and what steps were taken to ascertain whether the ore came from tainted mines.
Together, these changes have dramatically shrunk the market for untraceable 3T conflict minerals, affecting prices and disrupting the supply chain. As a result, about 67% of tin, tantalum and tungsten mines in Congo are no longer in the control of armed militias, according to the Enough Project, a human rights group.
But demilitarizing the gold mines remains a challenge. Only a small fraction of the mined world’s gold comes from Congo — about 1%. But 98% of the artisanally mined gold in Congo is smuggled out of the country and much of that benefits armed groups, according to the United Nations Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of Congo. Smugglers take it to Uganda and Burundi and then to Dubai. From there, the gold enters a global supply chain where much of it is sold as jewelry.
Armed groups generally are present at the gold mining sites. They’re either confiscating miners’ gold at gunpoint, or forcing miners to pay them bribes to let them keep mining. An assortment of nefarious rebel groups — and corrupt Congolese army commanders — profit off the mines these days.
These include the FDLR (the genocidal Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, which has been operating in Congo for years), the loosely organized armed group known as Raia Mutomboki, and Mai Mai Sheka , a militia group run by Ntabo Ntaberi Sheka, who is wanted for mass rape. All three groups have a history of contributing to the violence in Congo that has left millions dead and made the rape of women, girls, some men and boys an epidemic, according to Human Rights Watch.
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